The description is not clear as to what is actually in use. What model number is the TP-Link? tl-mr6500v?
How have you configured the FXO port in the UCM to detect CID?
The comparison that putting the SIM card in your cell is not really valid other than to show that when taking a cellular call, the CID is displayed and therefore the provider does seem to be sending.
The issue is that the router is taking that cellular call and converting it into an analog call. What Damiano is suggesting is that you get an analog telephone that is suitable for your locale and that has CID display capability, and for testing, plug the analog phone into the FXO Port of the router and then place a call to same to see if the CID shows up correctly on the analog phone.
If so, then it’s possibly a matter of the CID detection method you selected in the UCM for the FXO port on the UCM and did you try them all?
If no CID is seen on the analog phone, then you need to see why that may be as there is nothing that the UCM can do to generate a CID if the router is not passing it.